Description

Russia’s effort to maintain dominance over natural gas supplies to Europe, especially to Germany, has been an important focus of GIS authors as far back as 2011, when GIS expert Stefan Hedlund first raised the issue of Moscow’s divide-and-conquer strategy to undermine supply projects outside its control. Professor Hedlund and other experts highlighted how Russia had been able to stymie the EU’s plan to import energy from Turkmenistan through preemptive purchase agreements for Turkmen gas and blocking the role of Turkey as a transit state for a European “bypass option.”

However, after the Russian-Ukrainian 2009 gas conflict left several EU member countries freezing, the bloc took its first modest steps to diversify supply sources, increase storage capacity and construct interconnector pipelines and liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals. But a real, dramatic, quick change arrived some dozen years later when an unprecedented energy storm hit Europe following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

What’s inside?

• Reading sample
• File format: PDF
• Number of pages: 25
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